What did the average Byzantine person eat? The diet of the average Byzantine person varied based on factors such as social status, geographical location, and time period within the Byzantine Empire’s long history (circa 330-1453 CE). However, I can provide an overview of the common foods and dietary patterns during that time.

Grains and Bread:

Grains were a staple of the Byzantine diet. Wheat, barley, and millet were commonly consumed, with bread being a fundamental part of most meals. Bread was often made from a mix of grains and was a significant source of calories for both urban and rural populations.

Vegetables:

Vegetables played a vital role in the Byzantine diet. Common vegetables included legumes like lentils and chickpeas, as well as a variety of greens such as spinach, cabbage, lettuce, and leeks.

Fruits:

Fruits were enjoyed in season and included apples, figs, pomegranates, dates, olives, and various citrus fruits. Dried fruits were also consumed, especially in winter.

Meat and Fish:

Meat was not as commonly consumed by the average person due to its expense. However, those who could afford it ate pork, beef, lamb, and poultry. Fish, being more accessible in coastal areas, was a significant part of the diet for people living near the sea.

Dairy:

Dairy products like cheese, yogurt, and milk were consumed, especially by those with the means to afford them. Cheese, in particular, was a popular source of protein.

Nuts and Seeds:

Nuts, such as almonds and walnuts, as well as seeds like sesame and poppy seeds, were used in various dishes and as snacks.

Honey and Sweeteners:

Honey was a common sweetener in Byzantine cuisine. It was used in desserts and to sweeten beverages. They also used grape syrup as a sweetener.

Spices and Herbs:

Spices and herbs were used to enhance the flavors of dishes. Common spices included cumin, coriander, cinnamon, and pepper.

Beverages:

Water was the primary beverage, but wine was also widely consumed, especially by the wealthier population. In some regions, fermented beverages like beer and mead were also enjoyed.

It’s important to note that the diets of the wealthy and the common people varied significantly. The elite had access to a wider variety of foods and could afford more lavish meals, including exotic and expensive ingredients. The average Byzantine citizen had a simpler diet, with a focus on staples like bread, grains, vegetables, and, if possible, some meat or fish.